Regional differentiation of ecological conservation and its zonal suitability at the county level in China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Lin Huang  Yuhan Zheng  Tong Xiao 《地理学报(英文版)》2018,28(1):46-58

China’s investments, financial incentives and deductions in terms of ecological conservation are based at the county level. Therefore, the monitoring and assessment of the effects of ecological conservation at the county level is important to provide a scientific basis for the assessment of the ecological and environmental quality at the county scale. This paper quantitatively estimated the dynamics of high-quality ecosystems and vegetation coverage over the past 15 years, and their relationships with the number of ecological conservation programs at the county level were analyzed. Then, the effects of ecological conservation measures on ecological changes at the county level and their regional suitability were assessed and discussed. The results showed that counties with a percentage of high-quality ecosystems greater than 50% were primarily distributed in northeastern China, southern subtropical China and the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and those with a percentage lower than 20% were mostly distributed in northwestern China, the southwestern karst region and the North China Plain. In recent decades, ecological conservation has focused on ecologically fragile regions; more than five ecological conservation programs have been implemented in most counties of the Three River Source Region in Qinghai Province, southeastern Tibet, western Sichuan, the Qilian Mountains, southern Xinjiang and other western regions, while only one or zero have been implemented in the eastern coastal area of China. Over the past 15 years, the proportional area of high-quality ecosystems has increased in approximately 53% of counties. The vegetation coverage of counties in the Loess Plateau, Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji), Sichuan-Guizhou-Chongqing, and Guangdong-Guangxi provincial-level areas has increased significantly. However, it decreased in northern Xinjiang, central Tibet, central and eastern Inner Mongolia, the Yangtze River Delta and other regions. The relationships between the numbers of ecological conservation programs and the indicators of ecosystem restoration response, such as high-quality ecosystem and vegetation coverage, do not show positive correlations. These results suggest that ecological conservation programs should be planned and implemented according to the distribution patterns of high-quality ecosystems and that restoration measures such as afforestation should follow natural principles and regional differentiation under the background of climate change.  相似文献   

Impact of soil moisture and winter wheat height from the Loess Plateau in Northwest China on surface spectral albedo     

Zhenchao?Li  Jiaxi?Yang  Xiaoqing?Gao  Zhiyuan?Zheng  Ye?Yu  Xuhong?Hou  Zhigang?WeiEmail author 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2018,131(3-4):857-864

The understanding of surface spectral radiation and reflected radiation characteristics of different surfaces in different climate zones aids in the interpretation of regional surface energy transfers and the development of land surface models. This study analysed surface spectral radiation variations and corresponding surface albedo characteristics at different wavelengths as well as the relationship between 5-cm soil moisture and surface albedo on typical sunny days during the winter wheat growth period. The analysis was conducted using observational Loess Plateau winter wheat data from 2015. The results show that the ratio of atmospheric downward radiation to global radiation on typical sunny days is highest for near-infrared wavelengths, followed by visible wavelengths and ultraviolet wavelengths, with values of 57.3, 38.7 and 4.0%, respectively. The ratio of reflected spectral radiation to global radiation varies based on land surface type. The visible radiation reflected by vegetated surfaces is far less than that reflected by bare ground, with surface albedos of 0.045 and 0.27, respectively. Thus, vegetated surfaces absorb more visible radiation than bare ground. The atmospheric downward spectral radiation to global radiation diurnal variation ratios vary for near-infrared wavelengths versus visible and ultraviolet wavelengths on typical sunny days. The near-infrared wavelengths ratio is higher in the morning and evening and lower at noon. The visible and ultraviolet wavelengths ratios are lower in the morning and evening and higher at noon. Visible and ultraviolet wavelength surface albedo is affected by 5-cm soil moisture, demonstrating a significant negative correlation. Excluding near-infrared wavelengths, correlations between surface albedo and 5-cm soil moisture pass the 99% confidence test at each wavelength. The correlation with 5-cm soil moisture is more significant at shorter wavelengths. However, this study obtained surface spectral radiation characteristics that were affected by land surface vegetation coverage as well as by soil physical properties.  相似文献   

GPM/DPR雷达与CINRAD雷达降水探测对比          下载免费PDF全文

刘晓阳  李郝  何平  李丹杨  郑媛媛 《应用气象学报》2018,29(6):667-679

通过对比星载DPR雷达与地基CINRAD雷达的降雨测量值,评估星地雷达联合应用的潜力。为了提高对比的准确性,在尽可能高的时空分辨率下,以几何匹配与格点匹配相结合的方式,提取星地雷达降水样本数据。2015年6月30日降水过程的对比分析结果表明:泰州、常州CINRAD雷达反射率因子在两站中分剖面的平均值偏差0.94 dB,地基雷达之间有很好的一致性;在DPR雷达与常州、泰州CINRAD雷达同时覆盖的降雨区域,星地之间雷达反射率因子的平均值偏差分别为-1.2 dB和-1.6 dB,显示星地雷达也有较好的一致性;现有DPR雷达陆上衰减订正算法在缩小星地雷达偏差方面起到一定作用,平均订正量0.4 dB,只要回波覆盖充分,匹配样本的高度以及其到地基雷达的距离对对比结果没有明显影响,而衰减订正和匹配样本区回波覆盖率是影响星地雷达对比结果的重要因素。  相似文献   

“丝绸之路”模态与东亚夏季环流的关系分析     

李艳  张英华  郑凤魁  袁有林 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2018,12(3):10-17

基于1979—2015年ERA-Interim再分析资料,分析了夏季"丝绸之路"(the Silk Road,即SR)模态与东亚地区大气环流之间的联系,结果表明:在SR模态正异常年,200 hPa亚洲急流在东亚地区比较弯曲,在中国新疆和环渤海地区500 hPa上分别有一个高度脊和一个高度槽,在蒙古国、中国内蒙古以及日本以东500 hPa上有显著的位势高度正异常,风场异常与高度场配合较好。在对流层中低层的中国北方,有明显的下沉气流,在中国内蒙古、蒙古国以及日本以东,出现位涡负异常,而在朝鲜半岛附近,则有位涡正异常出现。中国环渤海地区降水偏少,而日本大部分地区降水偏多。在SR模态负异常年,200 hPa急流相对平直且更强,500 hPa的波列特征比正异常年更加显著,在中国内蒙古和蒙古国、朝鲜半岛、日本以东分别有"-、+、-"分布的位势高度场异常。与正异常年相比,位于东亚135°E附近的正异常中心变得显著,在该异常中心的西侧和东侧分别有上升和下沉异常气流,对应在朝鲜半岛和中国东北附近有较大的位涡负异常。在环渤海、朝鲜半岛南部和日本、日本以东洋面上,降水分别出现偏多、偏少和偏多现象。  相似文献   

BCC S2S模式对亚洲夏季风准双周振荡预报评估   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

贺铮  徐邦琪  高迎侠 《应用气象学报》2018,29(4):436-448

利用1994-2013年ERA-Interim及NCEP/NCAR再分析数据,对国家气候中心（BCC）次季节到季节尺度模式（S2S）1994-2013年的回报试验数据进行亚洲季风区准双周振荡（QBWO）预报能力评估,并诊断模式预报误差来源。结果表明:BCC S2S模式对QBWO的预报能力随着预报提前时间的增长而降低,9 d后预报技巧明显减弱,其周期、传播特征和强度出现误差;在提前9 d预报中,印度洋地区QBWO对流-环流系统结构松散,信号偏弱,对流向东传播,这与印度洋平均态的预报误差有关,夏季对流平均态低层水汽场在西太平洋和阿拉伯海较强,而东印度洋、孟加拉湾一带偏弱;西北太平洋地区QBWO具有向西北传播的特征,但强度偏弱,可能原因是预报低估了QBWO对流西北侧低层涡度的超前信号,经涡度方程诊断发现,地转涡度平流正贡献微弱,相对涡度平流在对流西北侧引发负涡度,从而减弱了对流西北侧由低层正涡度引发的有利条件。  相似文献   

地形对台风“海燕”暴雨增幅作用的观测与模拟     

郑艳  杨仁勇  程守长  蔡亲波  任福民 《气象科技》2018,46(6):1147-1153

1330号台风"海燕"过程影响海南岛的强降水落区和强降水极值点(毛感乡)均位于南部地区,利用海南省区域加密自动站、三亚多普勒雷达以及0.25°×0.25°ERA-interim再分析资料对强降水成因进行观测分析,应用WRF Ver3.1.1模式对"海燕"进行模拟试验。结果表明:(1)"海燕"从海南岛南部近海北上阶段,其外围的偏东风或偏南风与五指山、吊罗山形成向南开口的"厂"字形地形正交,加密自动站和多普勒雷达在五指山区及"厂"字形地形南侧均探测到多个β中尺度风向辐合切变线或气旋性辐合涡旋,毛感乡附近存在明显的风向辐合,地面辐合中心与小时雨量大值区基本吻合。(2)"厂"字形地形迎风坡的强迫抬升导致气流垂直速度增大,毛感乡附近存在的水平的β中尺度辐合切变和垂直的β中尺度环流,有利于边界层辐合和中高层辐散增强,降水显著增幅。(3)数值模拟的强降水落区和降水极值点与实况基本一致,极值雨量较实况偏小;地形对山区及山脉迎风(背风)坡的雨量增(减)幅作用明显;有地形时,在五指山区及"厂"字形地形南侧容易产生β中尺度风向辐合区。  相似文献   

四川省冰雹分布与地形因子关系分析     

郑飒飒  杨佑洪  刘志  刘晓璐 《气象科技》2018,46(6):1280-1286

利用四川省数字高程模型(DEM)和1970—2014年四川省143个气象站点45年冰雹资料,使用相关分析、逐步回归、数字地形分析和分区统计等方法,研究了四川省冰雹分布与地形高程、坡度、坡向、经纬度、地形起伏度及地形切割深度的关系。研究结果表明:四川省冰雹分布有明显的地理分布特征,地形高程、经度、地形起伏度及西北偏西坡向等地形因子是四川省冰雹分布的主要影响因子。建立冰雹与主要地形影响因子的回归方程,模拟四川省冰雹空间分布,结果显示模拟值与实际值分布趋势一致,但模拟数据整体偏小。  相似文献   

典型场选取对多要素气候态相似季节划分的影响     

王正  支蓉  封国林  李淑萍 《气候变化研究进展》2018,14(4):350-369

多要素气候态相似季节划分法作为一种新的季节划分客观化方法,在近几年被广泛应用于气候变化研究、气候监测和短期气候预测等。该方法的关键之处在于多要素的融合和典型场的选取,其中典型场是指多要素气候态相似法中所选取的能代表冬季和夏季平均气候特征的气候态距平场。文中采用3种不同方案选取典型场：方法一,基于60年平均气候态选取典型场;方法二,基于30年平均气候态选取典型场;方法三,基于逐年气候态状况选取典型场。研究不同典型场的选取对多要素气候态相似季节划分法划分结果的可能影响,进而以1998年和2013年华中地区的季节划分为例,对第3种典型场划分方法的准确性进行论证。结果显示,典型场作为多要素气候态相似季节划分法的划分基准,对季节划分的结果至关重要,基于单年气候状况选取的典型场与基于多年平均气候态选取的典型场之间的差异存在年代际变化,且在气候变化的转折阶段差异尤为显著。基于第3种典型场选取方案的1998年和2013年季节划分结果能准确地反映当年华中地区气候态和大气环流的季节变化情况。  相似文献   

北极地区国家在《联合国海洋法公约》下的权利义务及其与地理不利国家之间的关系          下载免费PDF全文

李雪平方正  刘海燕 《极地研究》2017,29(2):279-285

随着全球气候变暖,北极地区丰富的自然资源和独特的地理区位使其战略价值一时凸显。环北极国家为了该地区丰富的自然资源和战略优势展开了一系列行动,也产生了一系列争端。除了北极八国间存在着主权与主权权利的争端外,各地理不利国家也纷纷依据《联合国海洋法公约》的相关规定主张其在北极地区应有的权利和利益,由此加重了北极地缘政治关系的复杂性。鉴于现有的北极多边法律文件以及环北极国家行使主权的实践,在"人类共同继承"原则下,亟需澄清环北极国家在《联合国海洋法公约》下的权利义务,进而协调好它们与包括中国在内的地理不利国家之间的关系。  相似文献   

双雷达反演闽南地区一次暴雨过程三维风场结构特征研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张伟  罗昌荣  郑辉 《气象与环境科学》2017,40(4):76-82

前汛期暴雨是华南地区最常见且预测难度较大的灾害性天气之一,而造成暴雨最直接的系统是中尺度对流系统。利用区域自动站资料,NCEP再分析资料,厦门、泉州新一代天气雷达(CINRAD/SA)基数据,采用地球坐标系下的双雷达三维风场反演技术,分析了2015年5月20日闽南地区一次暴雨过程中尺度对流系统的三维风场结构特征。结果表明:此次暴雨过程是由低层的冷暖空气在闽南沿海地区交汇形成的切变线引起的,风场反演方法能够清晰地再现低层切变线的移动过程、处于不同生命阶段对流单体的三维风场结构。强回波区跟随切变线向南移动并分布于其两侧。当切变线过境、风向较为一致时,不利于强回波的进一步发展,降水开始减弱。如果对流单体中存在一致的上升气流,低层有明显的辐合,表明此单体仍处于发展状态,回波将会继续增强;若已经出现了一致的下沉运动且没有明显的入流,则回波处于消散阶段。相比于传统方法,"基于动态地球坐标系的双雷达反演风场方法"实现了对雷达径向数据的定量化应用,能够更直观地揭示中尺度对流系统的三维风场结构,并通过对垂直速度的计算及显示,可以快速判断回波未来的演变趋势,对快速预测回波的强度变化有非常好的参考意义。  相似文献